2  definitions  found 
 
  From  WordNet  r  1.6  [wn]: 
 
  Romania 
  n  :  a  Balkan  republic  in  southeastern  Europe  [syn:  {Romania},  {Roumania}, 
  {Rumania}] 
 
  From  The  CIA  World  Factbook  (1995)  [world95]: 
 
  Romania 
 
  Romania:Geography 
 
  Location:  Southeastern  Europe,  bordering  the  Black  Sea,  between 
  Bulgaria  and  Ukraine 
 
  Map  references:  Ethnic  Groups  in  Eastern  Europe,  Europe 
 
  Area: 
  total  area:  237,500  sq  km 
  land  area:  230,340  sq  km 
  comparative  area:  slightly  smaller  than  Oregon 
 
  Land  boundaries:  total  2,508  km  Bulgaria  608  km  Hungary  443  km 
  Moldova  450  km  Serbia  and  Montenegro  476  km  (all  with  Serbia), 
  Ukraine  (north)  362  km  Ukraine  (south)  169  km 
 
  Coastline:  225  km 
 
  Maritime  claims: 
  contiguous  zone:  24  nm 
  continental  shelf:  200-m  depth  or  to  the  depth  of  exploitation 
  exclusive  economic  zone:  200  nm 
  territorial  sea:  12  nm 
 
  International  disputes:  certain  territory  of  Moldova  and  Ukraine  - 
  including  Bessarabia  and  Northern  Bukovina  -  are  considered  by 
  Bucharest  as  historically  a  part  of  Romania;  this  territory  was 
  incorporated  into  the  former  Soviet  Union  following  the 
  Molotov-Ribbentrop  Pact  in  1940 
 
  Climate:  temperate;  cold,  cloudy  winters  with  frequent  snow  and  fog; 
  sunny  summers  with  frequent  showers  and  thunderstorms 
 
  Terrain:  central  Transylvanian  Basin  is  separated  from  the  Plain  of 
  Moldavia  on  the  east  by  the  Carpathian  Mountains  and  separated  from 
  the  Walachian  Plain  on  the  south  by  the  Transylvanian  Alps 
 
  Natural  resources:  petroleum  (reserves  declining),  timber,  natural 
  gas,  coal,  iron  ore,  salt 
 
  Land  use: 
  arable  land:  43% 
  permanent  crops:  3% 
  meadows  and  pastures:  19% 
  forest  and  woodland:  28% 
  other:  7% 
 
  Irrigated  land:  34,500  sq  km  (1989  est.) 
 
  Environment: 
  current  issues:  soil  erosion  and  degradation;  water  pollution;  air 
  pollution  in  south  from  industrial  effluents;  contamination  of  Danube 
  delta  wetlands 
  natural  hazards:  earthquakes  most  severe  in  south  and  southwest; 
  geologic  structure  and  climate  promote  landslides 
  international  agreements:  party  to  -  Air  Pollution,  Antarctic  Treaty, 
  Biodiversity,  Climate  Change,  Endangered  Species,  Environmental 
  Modification,  Hazardous  Wastes,  Nuclear  Test  Ban,  Ozone  Layer 
  Protection,  Ship  Pollution,  Wetlands;  signed,  but  not  ratified  - 
  Antarctic-Environmental  Protocol,  Law  of  the  Sea 
 
  Note:  controls  most  easily  traversable  land  route  between  the  Balkans, 
  Moldova,  and  Ukraine 
 
  Romania:People 
 
  Population:  23,198,330  (July  1995  est.) 
  note:  the  Romanian  census  of  January  1992  gives  the  population  for 
  that  date  as  22.749  million;  the  government  estimates  that  population 
  declined  in  1993  by  0.3% 
 
  Age  structure: 
  0-14  years:  21%  (female  2,413,933;  male  2,534,019) 
  15-64  years:  67%  (female  7,737,531;  male  7,732,038) 
  65  years  and  over:  12%  (female  1,604,210;  male  1,176,599)  (July  1995 
  est.) 
 
  Population  growth  rate:  0.09%  (1995  est.) 
 
  Birth  rate:  13.71  births/1,000  population  (1995  est.) 
 
  Death  rate:  9.93  deaths/1,000  population  (1995  est.) 
 
  Net  migration  rate:  -2.88  migrant(s)/1,000  population  (1995  est.) 
 
  Infant  mortality  rate:  18.7  deaths/1,000  live  births  (1995  est.) 
 
  Life  expectancy  at  birth: 
  total  population:  72.24  years 
  male:  69.31  years 
  female:  75.35  years  (1995  est.) 
 
  Total  fertility  rate:  1.82  children  born/woman  (1995  est.) 
 
  Nationality: 
  noun:  Romanian(s) 
  adjective:  Romanian 
 
  Ethnic  divisions:  Romanian  89.1%,  Hungarian  8.9%,  German  0.4%, 
  Ukrainian,  Serb,  Croat,  Russian,  Turk,  and  Gypsy  1.6% 
 
  Religions:  Romanian  Orthodox  70%,  Roman  Catholic  6%  (of  which  3%  are 
  Uniate),  Protestant  6%,  unaffiliated  18% 
 
  Languages:  Romanian,  Hungarian,  German 
 
  Literacy:  age  15  and  over  can  read  and  write  (1992) 
  total  population:  97% 
  male:  98% 
  female:  95% 
 
  Labor  force:  11.3  million  (1992) 
  by  occupation:  industry  38%,  agriculture  28%,  other  34%  (1989) 
 
  Romania:Government 
 
  Names: 
  conventional  long  form:  none 
  conventional  short  form:  Romania 
  local  long  form:  none 
  local  short  form:  Romania 
 
  Digraph:  RO 
 
  Type:  republic 
 
  Capital:  Bucharest 
 
  Administrative  divisions:  40  counties  (judete,  singular  -  judet)  and  1 
  municipality*  (municipiu);  Alba,  Arad,  Arges,  Bacau,  Bihor, 
  Bistrita-Nasaud,  Botosani  Braila,  Brasov  Bucuresti*,  Buzau, 
  Calarasi  Caras-Severin,  Cluj,  Constanta,  Covasna  Dimbovita  Dolj, 
  Galati,  Gorj,  Giurgiu  Harghita  Hunedoara  Ialomita  Iasi,  Maramures 
  Mehedinti  Mures,  Neamt,  Olt,  Prahova  Salaj,  Satu  Mare,  Sibiu 
  Suceava  Teleorman  Timis,  Tulcea  Vaslui  Vilcea  Vrancea 
 
  Independence:  1881  (from  Turkey;  republic  proclaimed  30  December  1947) 
 
  National  holiday:  National  Day  of  Romania,  1  December  (1990) 
 
  Constitution:  8  December  1991 
 
  Legal  system:  former  mixture  of  civil  law  system  and  Communist  legal 
  theory;  is  now  based  on  the  Constitution  of  France's  Fifth  Republic 
 
  Suffrage:  18  years  of  age;  universal 
 
  Executive  branch: 
  chief  of  state:  President  Ion  ILIESCU  (since  20  June  1990,  previously 
  President  of  Provisional  Council  of  National  Unity  since  23  December 
  1989);  election  last  held  27  September  1992,  with  runoff  between  top 
  two  candidates  on  11  October  1992  (next  to  be  held  NA  1996);  results  - 
  Ion  ILIESCU  61.4%,  Emil  CONSTANTINESCU  38.6% 
  head  of  government:  Prime  Minister  Nicolae  VACAROIU  (since  November 
  1992) 
  cabinet:  Council  of  Ministers;  appointed  by  the  prime  minister 
 
  Legislative  branch:  bicameral  Parliament 
  Senate  (Senat):  elections  last  held  27  September  1992  (next  to  be  held 
  NA  1996);  results  -  PSDR  34.3%,  CDR  18.2%,  DP-FSN  12.6%,  others  34.9%; 
  seats  -  (143  total)  PSDR  49,  CDR  26,  DP-FSN  18,  PUNR  13,  UDMR  12,  PRM 
  6,  PAC  6,  PDAR  5,  PSM  5,  PL-93  2  other  1 
  House  of  Deputies  (Adunarea  Deputatilor):  elections  last  held  27 
  September  1992  (next  to  be  held  NA  1996);  results  -  PSDR  34.0%,  CDR 
  16,4%,  DP-FSN  12.3%,  others  37.3%;  seats  -  (341  total)  PSDR  116,  CDR 
  56,  DP-FSN  42,  PUNR  29,  UDMR  27,  PL-93  19,  PRM  15,  PSM  13,  PAC  5, 
  other  19 
 
  Judicial  branch:  Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  Constitutional  Court 
 
  Political  parties  and  leaders:  Democratic  Party  (DP-FSN),  Petre  ROMAN; 
  Social  Democratic  Party  of  Romania  (PSDR),  Adrian  NASTASE  Democratic 
  Union  of  Hungarians  in  Romania  (UDMR),  Bela  MARKO;  National  Liberal 
  Party  (PNL),  Mircea  IONESCU-QUINTUS;  National  Peasants'  Christian  and 
  Democratic  Party  (PNTCD),  Corneliu  COPOSU  Romanian  National  Unity 
  Party  (PUNR),  Gheorghe  FUNAR;  Socialist  Labor  Party  (PSM),  Ilie 
  VERDET;  Agrarian  Democratic  Party  of  Romania  (PDAR),  Victor  SURDU;  The 
  Democratic  Convention  (CDR),  Emil  CONSTANTINESCU  Romania  Mare  Party 
  (PRM),  Corneliu  Vadim  TUDOR;  Civic  Alliance  Party  (PAC),  Nicolae 
  MANOLESCU  chairman 
  note:  numerous  other  small  parties  exist  but  almost  all  failed  to  gain 
  representation  in  the  most  recent  election 
 
  Other  political  or  pressure  groups:  various  human  rights  and 
  professional  associations 
 
  Member  of:  ACCT,  BIS,  BSEC,  CCC,  CE  CEI  (associate  members),  EBRD, 
  ECE,  FAO,  G-  9,  G-77,  GATT,  IAEA,  IBRD,  ICAO,  ICFTU  ICRM,  IFAD,  IFC, 
  IFRCS  ILO,  IMF,  IMO,  INMARSAT  INTELSAT,  INTERPOL,  IOC,  IOM 
  (observer),  ISO,  ITU,  NACC,  NAM  (guest),  NSG,  OAS  (observer),  OSCE, 
  PCA,  PFP,  UN  UNCTAD  UNESCO,  UNIDO  UNIKOM  UNOSOM  UPU,  WCL,  WEU 
  (associate  partner),  WFTU  WHO  WIPO,  WMO,  WTO,  ZC 
 
  Diplomatic  representation  in  US: 
  chief  of  mission:  Ambassador  Mihai  Horia  BOTEZ 
  chancery:  1607  23rd  Street  NW  Washington,  DC  20008 
  telephone:  [1]  (202)  332-4846,  4848,  4851 
  FAX:  [1]  (202)  232-4748 
  consulate(s)  general:  Los  Angeles  and  New  York 
 
  US  diplomatic  representation: 
  chief  of  mission:  Ambassador  Alfred  H.  MOSES 
  embassy:  Strada  Tudor  Arghezi  7-9,  Bucharest 
  mailing  address:  American  Consulate  General  (Bucharest),  Unit  1315, 
  Bucharest;  APO  AE  09213-1315 
  telephone:  [40]  (1)  210  01  49,  210  40  42 
  FAX:  [40]  (1)  210  03  95 
  branch  office:  Cluj-Napoca 
 
  Flag:  three  equal  vertical  bands  of  blue  (hoist  side),  yellow,  and 
  red;  the  national  coat  of  arms  that  used  to  be  centered  in  the  yellow 
  band  has  been  removed;  now  similar  to  the  flags  of  Andorra  and  Chad 
 
  Economy 
 
  Overview:  Despite  the  continuing  difficulties  in  moving  away  from  the 
  former  command  system,  the  Romanian  economy  seems  to  have  bottomed  out 
  in  1993-94.  Market  oriented  reforms  have  been  introduced  fitfully 
  since  the  downfall  of  CEAUSESCU  in  December  1989,  with  the  result  a 
  growing  private  sector,  especially  in  services.  The  slow  pace  of 
  structural  reform,  however,  has  exacerbated  Romania's  high  inflation 
  rate  and  eroded  real  wages.  Agricultural  production  rebounded  in  1993 
  from  the  drought-reduced  harvest  of  1992.  The  economy  continued  its 
  recovery  in  1994,  further  gains  being  realized  in  agriculture, 
  construction,  services,  and  trade  Food  supplies  are  adequate  but 
  expensive.  Romania's  infrastructure  had  deteriorated  over  the  last 
  five  years  due  to  reduced  levels  of  public  investment.  Residents  of 
  the  capital  reported  frequent  disruptions  of  heating  and  water 
  services.  The  slow  and  painful  process  of  conversion  to  a  more  open 
  economy  will  continue  in  1995. 
 
  National  product:  GDP  -  purchasing  power  parity  -  $64.7  billion  (1994 
  est.) 
 
  National  product  real  growth  rate:  3.4%  (1994  est.) 
 
  National  product  per  capita:  $2,790  (1994  est.) 
 
  Inflation  rate  (consumer  prices):  62%  (1994) 
 
  Unemployment  rate:  10.9%  (December  1994) 
 
  Budget: 
  revenues:  $8.3  billion 
  expenditures:  $9.4  billion,  including  capital  expenditures  of  $NA 
  (1995  est.) 
 
  Exports:  $6  billion  (f.o.b.,  1994) 
  commodities:  metals  and  metal  products  17.6%,  mineral  products  11.9%, 
  textiles  18.5%,  electric  machines  and  equipment  8.4%,  transport 
  materials  6.5%  (1994) 
  partners:  EC  36.1%,  developing  countries  27.4%,  East  and  Central 
  Europe  14.9%,  EFTA  5.1%,  Russia  5%,  Japan  1.4%,  US  1.3%  (1993) 
 
  Imports:  $6.3  billion  (f.o.b.,  1994) 
  commodities:  minerals  21.1%,  machinery  and  equipment  19.7%,  textiles 
  11.5%,  agricultural  goods  9.2%  (1994) 
  partners:  EC  45.8%,  East  and  Central  Europe  8.6%,  developing  countries 
  22.6%,  Russia  11%,  EFTA  6.2%,  US  5.0%,  Japan  0.8%  (1993) 
 
  External  debt:  $4.4  billion  (1994) 
 
  Industrial  production:  growth  rate  -1%  (1993  est.);  accounts  for  45% 
  of  GDP 
 
  Electricity: 
  capacity:  22,180,000  kW 
  production:  50.8  billion  kWh 
  consumption  per  capita:  2,076  kWh  (1993) 
 
  Industries:  mining,  timber,  construction  materials,  metallurgy, 
  chemicals,  machine  building,  food  processing,  petroleum  production  and 
  refining 
 
  Agriculture:  accounts  for  18%  of  GDP  and  28%  of  labor  force;  major 
  wheat  and  corn  producer;  other  products  -  sugar  beets,  sunflower  seed, 
  potatoes,  milk,  eggs,  meat,  grapes 
 
  Illicit  drugs:  transshipment  point  for  southwest  Asian  heroin  and 
  Latin  American  cocaine  transiting  the  Balkan  route 
 
  Economic  aid:  $NA 
 
  Currency:  1  leu  L  =  100  bani 
 
  Exchange  rates:  lei  L  per  US$1  -  1,776.00  (January  1995),  1,655.09 
  (1994),  760.05  (1993),  307.95  (1992),  76.39  (1991),  22.432  (1990) 
 
  Fiscal  year:  calendar  year 
 
  Romania:Transportation 
 
  Railroads: 
  total:  11,365  km 
  broad  gauge:  45  km  1.524-m  gauge 
  standard  gauge:  10,893  km  1.435-m  gauge  (3,723  km  electrified;  3,060 
  km  double  track) 
  narrow  gauge:  427  km  0.760-m  gauge  (1994) 
 
  Highways: 
  total:  461,880  km 
  paved:  235,559  km  (113  km  of  expressways) 
  unpaved:  226,321  km  (1992) 
 
  Inland  waterways:  1,724  km  (1984) 
 
  Pipelines:  crude  oil  2,800  km  petroleum  products  1,429  km  natural 
  gas  6,400  km  (1992) 
 
  Ports:  Braila,  Constanta,  Galatz,  Mangalia,  Sulina,  Tulcea 
 
  Merchant  marine: 
  total:  238  ships  (1,000  GRT  or  over)  totaling  2,528,971  GRT/3,849,943 
  DWT 
  ships  by  type:  bulk  46,  cargo  167,  container  2,  oil  tanker  14, 
  passenger-cargo  1,  railcar  carrier  1,  roll-on/roll-off  cargo  7 
  note:  in  addition,  Romania  owns  20  ships  (1,000  GRT  or  over)  totaling 
  1,207,388  DWT  that  operate  under  Liberian,  Maltese,  Cypriot,  and 
  Bahamian  registry 
 
  Airports: 
  total:  156 
  with  paved  runways  over  3,047  m:  4 
  with  paved  runways  2,438  to  3,047  m:  9 
  with  paved  runways  1,524  to  2,437  m:  14 
  with  unpaved  runways  2,438  to  3,047  m:  3 
  with  unpaved  runways  1,524  to  2,438  m:  1 
  with  unpaved  runways  914  to  1,523  m:  17 
  with  unpaved  runways  under  914  m:  108 
 
  Romania:Communications 
 
  Telephone  system:  about  2.3  million  telephones;  99  telephones/1,000 
  persons;  89%  of  phone  network  is  automatic;  poor  service;  cable  and 
  open  wire 
  local:  NA 
  intercity:  trunk  network  is  microwave;  roughly  3,300  villages  with  no 
  service  (February  1990) 
  international:  1  INTELSAT  earth  station;  new  digital  international 
  direct  dial  exchanges  are  in  Bucharest  (1993) 
 
  Radio: 
  broadcast  stations:  AM  12,  FM  5,  shortwave  0 
  radios:  NA 
 
  Television: 
  broadcast  stations:  13  (1990) 
  televisions:  NA 
 
  Romania:Defense  Forces 
 
  Branches:  Army,  Navy,  Air  and  Air  Defense  Forces,  Paramilitary  Forces, 
  Civil  Defense 
 
  Manpower  availability:  males  age  15-49  5,934,524;  males  fit  for 
  military  service  5,002,287;  males  reach  military  age  (20)  annually 
  196,587  (1995  est.) 
 
  Defense  expenditures:  1,260  billion  lei,  3%  of  GDP  (1994);  note  - 
  conversion  of  defense  expenditures  into  US  dollars  using  the  current 
  exchange  rate  could  produce  misleading  results 
 
 
 

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