4 definitions found
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Russia \Rus"sia\, n.
A country of Europe and Asia.
{Russia iron}, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a
lustrous blue-black surface.
{Russia leather}, a soft kind of leather, made originally in
Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from
being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It
is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being
subject to mold, and being proof against insects.
{Russia matting}, matting manufactured in Russia from the
inner bark of the linden ({Tilia Europ[ae]a}).
From WordNet r 1.6 [wn]:
Russia
n 1: a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern
Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other
soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia an
others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991 [syn: {Soviet
Union}, {Russia}, {Union of Soviet Socialist Republics},
{USSR}]
2: formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR
occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia [syn: {Soviet
Russia}, {Russia}, {Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic}]
3: a former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia;
powerful in 17-18th centuries under Peter the Great and
Catherine the Great; overthrown by revolution in 1917
[syn: {Russia}]
4: a federation in eastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly
Soviet Russia; since 1992 an independent state [syn: {Russia}]
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Russia, OH (village, FIPS 69344)
Location: 40.23240 N, 84.41087 W
Population (1990): 442 (143 housing units)
Area: 0.9 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)
Zip code(s): 45363
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]:
Russia
Russia:Geography
Location: Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes
included with Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and
the North Pacific Ocean
Map references: Asia
Area:
total area: 17,075,200 sq km
land area: 16,995,800 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries: total 20,139 km Azerbaijan 284 km Belarus 959 km
China (southeast) 3,605 km China (south) 40 km Estonia 290 km
Finland 1,313 km Georgia 723 km Kazakhstan 6,846 km North Korea 19
km Latvia 217 km Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km Mongolia
3,441 km Norway 167 km Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km Ukraine
1,576 km
Coastline: 37,653 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: inherited disputes from former USSR including:
sections of the boundary with China; islands of Etorofu Kunashiri
and Shikotan and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in
1945, administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with
Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; Caspian Sea boundaries are not
yet determined; potential dispute with Ukraine over Crimea; Estonia
claims over 2,000 sq km of Russian territory in the Narva and Pechora
regions; the Abrene section of the border ceded by the Latvian Soviet
Socialist Republic to Russia in 1944; has made no territorial claim in
Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not
recognize the claims of any other nation
Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in
much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the
polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in
Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic
coast
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous
forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern
border regions
Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits
of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder
exploitation of natural resources
Land use:
arable land: 8%
permanent crops: NEGL%
meadows and pastures: 5%
forest and woodland: 45%
other: 42%
Irrigated land: 56,000 sq km (1992)
Environment:
current issues: air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of
coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities;
industrial and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea
coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper
application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes
intense radioactive contamination
natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment
to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and
earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty,
Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling;
signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
Note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably
located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size,
much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold
or too dry) for agriculture
Russia:People
Population: 149,909,089 (July 1995 est.)
note: official Russian statistics put the population at 148,200,000
for 1994
Age structure:
0-14 years: 22% (female 16,208,640; male 16,784,017)
15-64 years: 66% (female 50,711,209; male 48,247,101)
65 years and over: 12% (female 12,557,447; male 5,400,675) (July 1995
est.)
Population growth rate: 0.2% (1995 est.)
note: official Russian statistics put the population growth rate at
-6.0% for 1994
Birth rate: 12.64 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
note: official Russian statistics put the birth rate at 9.5 births per
l,000 population for 1994
Death rate: 11.36 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
note: official Russian statistics put the death rate at 15.5 deaths
per l,000 population in 1994
Net migration rate: 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
note: official Russian statistics put the infant mortality rate at
19.9 deaths per l,000 live births in 1994
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.1 years
male: 64.1 years
female: 74.35 years (1995 est.)
note: official Russian statistics put life expectancy at birth as 64
years for total population in 1994
Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian
Ethnic divisions: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash
1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%
Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other
Languages: Russian, other
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989)
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97%
Labor force: 85 million (1993)
by occupation: production and economic services 83.9%, government
16.1%
Russia:Government
Names:
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Digraph: RS
Type: federation
Capital: Moscow
Administrative divisions: 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh
respublik singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop),
Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy),
Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay
(Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia (Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik),
Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia
(Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El
(Yoshkar-Ola), Mordovia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz),
Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia - also
known as Sakha (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast');
Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod Bryansk
Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga, Kamchatka
(Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo Kirov, Kostroma Kurgan, Kursk,
Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk,
Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg Penza,
Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara,
Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov Tomsk, Tula,
Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda Voronezh
Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul),
Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Primorskiy (Vladivostok),
Stavropol'; 10 autonomous okrugs Aga (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'),
Evenkia (Tura), Khantia-Mansia (Khanty-Mansiysk), Koryakia (Palana),
Nenetsia (Nar'yan-Mar), Permyakia (Kudymkar), Taymyria (Dudinka),
Ust'-Onda (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalia (Salekhard); 1 autonomous oblast
(avtomnykh oblast'); Birobijan
note: the autonomous republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia were
formerly the autonomous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary
between Chechenia and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities
of Moscow and St Petersburg are federal cities; an administrative
division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions
have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day June 12 (1990)
Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June
1991); election last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held NA 1996);
results - percent of vote by party NA note - no vice president; if
the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of
ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him the
premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election
is held, which must be within three months
head of government: Premier and Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992); First Deputy
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers Oleg SOSKOVETS (since 30 April
1993) and Anatoliy CHUBAYS (since 5 November 1994)
Security Council: originally established as a presidential advisory
body in June 1991, but restructured in March 1992 with responsibility
for managing individual and state security
Presidential Administration: drafts presidential edicts and provides
staff and policy support to the entire executive branch
cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Group of Assistants: schedules president's appointments, processes
presidential edicts and other official documents, and houses the
president's press service and primary speechwriters
Council of Heads of Republics: includes the leaders of the 21
ethnic-based Republics
Council of Heads of Administrations: includes the leaders of the 66
autonomous territories and regions, and the mayors of Moscow and St
Petersburg
Presidential Council: prepares policy papers for the president
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly
Federation Council: elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be
held NA); results - two members elected from each of Russia's 89
territorial units for a total of 176 deputies; 2 seats unfilled as of
15 May 1994 (Chechnya did not participate in the election); Speaker
Vladimir SHUMEYKO (Russia's Democratic Choice)
State Duma: elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA
December 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA seats - (450
total) Russia's Democratic Choice 78, New Regional Policy 66, Liberal
Democrats 63, Agrarian Party 55, Communist Party of the Russian
Federation 45, Unity and Accord 30, Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc
Yabloko 27, Women of Russia 23, Democratic Party of Russia 15,
Russia's Path 12, other parties 23, affiliation unknown 12, unfilled
(as of 13 March 1994; Chechnya did not participate in the election) 1;
Speaker Ivan RYBKIN (Agrarian Party); note - as of 11 April 1995,
seats were as follows: Russia's Democratic Choice 54, New Regional
Policy 32, Liberal Democrats 54, Agrarian Party 51, Communist Party of
the Russian Federation 45, Unity and Accord 25,
Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc Yabloko 28, Liberal Democratic Union
of 12 December 9, Women of Russia 22, Democratic Party of Russia 10,
Russia's Path 12, Duma 96 23, Russia 35, Stability 36, affiliation
unknown 14
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (highest court
for criminal, civil, and administrative cases), Superior Court of
Arbitration (highest court that resolves economic disputes)
Political parties and leaders:
pro-market democrats: Party of Russian Unity and Accord, Sergey
SHAKHRAY Russia's Democratic Choice Party, Yegor GAYDAR; Russian
Movement for Democratic Reforms, Anatoliy SOBCHAK
Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc (Yabloko), Grigoriy YAVLINSKIY Liberal
Democratic Union of 12 December, Boris FEDOROV
centrists/special interest parties: Civic Union for Stability,
Justice, and Progress, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY; Democratic Party of Russia,
Sergey GLAZ'YEV; Women of Russia, Alevtina FEDULOVA Social Democratic
Peoples' Party, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY New Regional Policy (NRP), Vladimir
MEDVEDEV
anti-market and/or ultranationalist parties: Agrarian Party, Mikhail
LAPSHIN Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY Derzhava
Aleksandr RUTSKOY
note: more than 20 political parties and associations tried to gather
enough signatures to run slates of candidates in the 12 December 1993
legislative elections, but only 13 succeeded
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Member of: BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE (guest), CERN (observer), CIS, EBRD,
ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS ILO, IMF, IMO,
INMARSAT INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO
NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN UN Security Council,
UNAMIR UNCTAD UNESCO, UNIDO UNIKOM UNITAR, UNMIH UNOMOZ
UNPROFOR UNTSO UPU, WHO WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey LAVROV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700 through 5704
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING
embassy: Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, Moscow
mailing address: APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 252-24-51 through 59
FAX: [7] (095) 956-42-61
consulate(s) general: St Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Economy
Overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a
well-educated population, and a diverse industrial base, continues to
experience formidable difficulties in moving from its old centrally
planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's
government has made substantial strides in converting to a market
economy since launching its economic reform program in January 1992 by
freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending, eliminating the
old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious voucher
privatization program, establishing private financial institutions,
and decentralizing foreign trade Russia, however, has made little
progress in a number of key areas that are needed to provide a solid
foundation for the transition to a market economy. Financial
stabilization has remained elusive, with wide swings in monthly
inflation rates. Only limited restructuring of industry has occurred
so far because of a scarcity of investment funds and the failure of
enterprise managers to make hard cost-cutting decisions. In addition,
Moscow has yet to develop a social safety net that would allow faster
restructuring by relieving enterprises of the burden of providing
social benefits for their workers and has been slow to develop the
legal framework necessary to fully support a market economy and to
encourage foreign investment. As a result, output has continued to
fall. According to Russian official data, which probably overstate the
fall, GDP declined by 15% in 1994 compared with a 12% decline in 1993.
Industrial output in 1994 fell 21% with all major sectors taking a
hit. Agricultural production in 1994 was down 9%. The grain harvest
totaled 81 million tons, some 15 million tons less than in 1993.
Unemployment climbed to an estimated 6.6 million or about 7% of the
work force by yearend 1994. Floundering Russian firms have already had
to put another 4.8 million workers on involuntary, unpaid leave or
shortened workweeks. Government fears of large-scale unemployment
continued to hamper industrial restructuring efforts. According to
official Russian data, real per capita income was up nearly 18% in
1994 compared with 1993, in part because many Russians are working
second jobs. Most Russians perceive that they are worse off now
because of growing crime and health problems and mounting wage
arrears. Russia has made significant headway in privatizing state
assets, completing its voucher privatization program at midyear 1994.
At least a portion of about 110,000 state enterprises were transferred
to private hands by the end of 1994. Including partially privatized
firms, the private sector accounted for roughly half of GDP in 1994.
Financial stabilization continued to remain a challenge for the
government. Moscow tightened financial policies in late 1993 and early
1994, including postponing planned budget spending, and succeeded in
reducing monthly inflation from 18% in January to about 5% in July and
August. At midyear however, the government relaxed austerity measures
in the face of mounting pressure from industry and agriculture,
sparking a new round of inflation; the monthly inflation rate jumped
to roughly 15% per month during the fourth quarter. In response,
Moscow announced a fairly tight government budget for 1995 designed to
bring monthly inflation down to around 1% by the end of 1995.
According to official statistics, Russia's 1994 trade with nations
outside the former Soviet Union produced a $12.3 billion surplus, up
from $11.3 billion in 1993. Foreign sales - comprised largely of oil,
natural gas, and other raw materials - grew more than 8%. Imports also
were up 8% as demand for food and other consumer goods surged. Russian
trade with other former Soviet republics continued to decline At the
same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the roughly $20 billion in
debt that came due in 1994, and by the end of the year, Russia's hard
currency foreign debt had risen to nearly $100 billion. Moscow reached
agreement to restructure debts with Paris Club official creditors in
mid-1994 and concluded a preliminary deal with its commercial bank
creditors late in the year to reschedule debts owed them in early
1995. Capital flight continued to be a serious problem in 1994, with
billions of additional dollars in assets being moved abroad, primarily
to bank accounts in Europe. Russia's physical plant continues to
deteriorate because of insufficient maintenance and new construction.
Plant and equipment on average are twice the age of the West's. Many
years will pass before Russia can take full advantage of its natural
resources and its human assets.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $721.2 billion (1994
estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -15% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $4,820 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% per month (average 1994)
Unemployment rate: 7.1% (December 1994) with considerable additional
underemployment
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $48 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and
wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
Imports: $35.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat,
grain, sugar, semifinished metal products
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
External debt: $95 billion-$100 billion (yearend 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate -21% (1994)
Electricity:
capacity: 213,100,000 KW
production: 876 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 5,800 kWh (1994)
Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries
producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine
building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space
vehicles; ship- building; road and rail transportation equipment;
communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and
construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting
equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables
Agriculture: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, meat, milk,
vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location does not grow
citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly
for domestic consumption; government has active eradication program;
used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin American illicit drugs
to Western Europe and Latin America
Economic aid:
recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-94), $15 billion;
other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1990-93), $120
billion
Currency: 1 ruble R = 100 kopeks
Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 3,550 (29 December 1994), 1,247 (27
December 1993); nominal exchange rate still deteriorating but real
exchange rate holding steady
Fiscal year: calendar year
Russia:Transportation
Railroads:
total: 154,000 km note - 87,000 km in common carrier service (49,000
km diesel; and 38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific
industries and are not available for common carrier use
broad gauge: 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)
Highways:
total: 934,000 km (445,000 km serve specific industries or farms and
are not available for common carrier use)
paved and graveled: 725,000 km
unpaved: 209,000 km (1 January 1994)
Inland waterways: total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km
routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900
km of which routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994)
Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km petroleum products 15,000 km natural
gas 140,000 km (30 June 1993)
Ports: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad Kazan', Khabarovsk
Kholmsk Krasnoyarsk Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk Petropavlovsk St Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse
Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy Vyborg
Merchant marine:
total: 800 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,295,109 GRT/10,128,579
DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk cargo 26, cargo 424, chemical
tanker 7, combination bulk 22, combination ore/oil 16, container 81,
multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 111, passenger 4,
passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 62,
short-sea passenger 16, specialized tanker 2
note: in addition, Russia owns 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,084,439 DWT that operate under Maltese, Cypriot, Liberian,
Panamanian, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Honduran, Marshall
Islands, Bahamian, and Vanuatu registry
Airports:
total: 2,517
with paved runways over 3,047 m: 54
with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 202
with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 108
with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 115
with paved runways under 914 m: 151
with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 25
with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 45
with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 134
with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 291
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,392
Russia:Communications
Telephone system: 24,400,000 telephones; 20,900,000 telephones in
urban areas and 3,500,000 telephones in rural areas; of these total
installed in homes 15,400,000; total pay phones for long distant calls
34,100; about 164 telephones/1,000 persons; Russia is enlisting
foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed up the
modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only 661,000
new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991, and in
1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones reached
11,000,000; expanded access to international E-mail service available
via Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a
severe handicap to the economy, especially with respect to
international connections
local: NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational and
growing in Moscow and St Petersburg
intercity: intercity fiberoptic cable installation remains limited
international: international traffic is handled by an inadequate
system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and outdated
submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international
gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international
traffic for the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent
States; a new Russian Raduga satellite will link Moscow and St
Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be relayed to destinations
in Europe and overseas; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT,
Intersputnik Eutelsat (Moscow), INMARSAT Orbita
Radio:
broadcast stations: AM 1,050, FM 1,050, shortwave 1,050
radios: 48.8 million (radio receivers with multiple speaker systems
for program diffusion 74,300,000)
Television:
broadcast stations: 7,183
televisions: 54.2 million
Russia:Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces,
Strategic Rocket Forces
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 38,264,699; males fit for
military service 29,951,977; males reach military age (18) annually
1,106,176 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
note: the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in
Russia fell about 15% in real terms in 1994, reducing Russian defense
outlays to about one-fourth of peak Soviet levels in the late 1980s;
although Russia may still spend as much as 10% of its GDP on defense,
this is significantly below the 15% to 17% burden the former USSR
carried during much of the 1980s; conversion of military expenditures
into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce
misleading results
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