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turkmenistan |
2 definitions found From WordNet r 1.6 [wn]: Turkmenistan n : a republic in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of Kazakhstan and north of Iran; an Asian Soviet from 1925 to 1991 [syn: {Turkmenistan}, {Turkomen}, {Turkmen}, {Turkmenia}] From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: Turkmenistan Turkmenistan:Geography Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States Area: total area: 488,100 sq km land area: 488,100 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total 3,736 km Afghanistan 744 km Iran 992 km Kazakhstan 379 km Uzbekistan 1,621 km Coastline: 0 km note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined Climate: subtropical desert Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 69% forest and woodland: 0% other: 29% Irrigated land: 12,450 sq km (1990) Environment: current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Ozone Layer Protection Note: landlocked Turkmenistan:People Population: 4,075,316 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 40% (female 798,620; male 821,550) 15-64 years: 56% (female 1,155,392; male 1,128,844) 65 years and over: 4% (female 105,424; male 65,486) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 1.97% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 29.93 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: -2.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 68.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.35 years male: 61.85 years female: 69.02 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.72 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: Turkmen Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.9% Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 98% male: 99% female: 97% Labor force: 1.642 million (January 1994) by occupation: agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction 20%, other 36% (1992) Turkmenistan:Government Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: none local short form: Turkmenistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: TX Type: republic Capital: Ashgabat Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from welayat name Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day 27 October (1991) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990); election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendum extended NIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 (99.99% approval) head of government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Orazgeldi AYDOGDIYEV (since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), Khekim ISHANOV (since NA), Valeriy OTCHERTSOV (since NA), Yagmur OVEZOV (since NA), Matkarim RAJAPOV (since NA), Abad RIZAYEVA (since NA), Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA), Batyr SARJAYEV (since NA) cabinet: Council of Ministers Legislative branch: under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly Majlis Assembly (Majlis): elections last held 11 December 1994 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA seats - (50 total) Democratic Party 45, other 5; note - all 50 preapproved by President NIYAZOV Judicial branch: Supreme Court Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, Saparmurad NIYAZOV Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUKHAMMED, chairman; Agzybirlik Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV cochairman Hubayberdi HALLIYEV cochairman note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries Member of: CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE, PFP, UN UNCTAD UNESCO, UPU, WHO WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Khalil UGUR chancery: 1511 K Street NW Suite 412, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 737-4800 FAX: [1] (202) 737-1152 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III embassy: 6 Teheran Street, Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (3632) 24-49-25, 24-49-22 FAX: [7] (3632) 25-53-79 Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls Economy Overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources. Half its irrigated land is planted in cotton making it the world's tenth largest producer. It also has the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas and significant oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. Furthermore, with an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally-based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. With the onset of economic hard times, even cautious moves toward economic restructuring and privatization have slowed down For 1995, Turkmenistan will face continuing constraints on its earnings because of its customers' inability to pay for their gas and a low average cotton crop in 1994. Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey, but these may take many years to realize. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $13.1 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) National product real growth rate: -24% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $3,280 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% per month (1994) Unemployment rate: NA Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $382 million to states outside the FSU (1994) commodities: natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, electricity, textiles, carpets partners: Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Argentina Imports: $304 million from states outside the FSU (1994) commodities: machinery and parts grain and food, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles partners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkey External debt: NEGL Industrial production: growth rate -25% (1994) Electricity: capacity: 2,480,000 kW production: 10.5 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,600 kWh (1994) Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing Agriculture: cotton, grain, animal husbandry Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe Economic aid: recipient: Turkmenistan has received about $200 million in bilateral aid credits Currency: Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the manat, on 1 November 1993 Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - multiple rate system: 10 (official) and 230 (permitted in transactions between the government and individuals) Fiscal year: calendar year Turkmenistan:Transportation Railroads: total: 2,120 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines broad gauge: 2,120 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) Highways: total: 23,000 km paved and graveled: 18,300 km unpaved: earth 4,700 km (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 250 km natural gas 4,400 km Ports: Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk) Airports: total: 64 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7 with unpaved runways under 914 m: 35 Turkmenistan:Communications Telephone system: NA telephones; only 7.5 telephones/100 persons (1991); poorly developed local: NA intercity: NA international: linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via INTELSAT; 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT earth station Radio: broadcast stations: AM NA FM NA shortwave NA radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: NA televisions: NA Turkmenistan:Defense Forces Branches: National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 993,321; males fit for military service 810,392; males reach military age (18) annually 40,430 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
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