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ukraine |
2 definitions found From WordNet r 1.6 [wn]: Ukraine n : a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European Soviet [syn: {Ukraine}, {Ukrayina}] From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: Ukraine Ukraine:Geography Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States Area: total area: 603,700 sq km land area: 603,700 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: total 4,558 km Belarus 891 km Hungary 103 km Moldova 939 km Poland 428 km Romania (southwest) 169 km Romania (west) 362 km Russia 1,576 km Slovakia 90 km Coastline: 2,782 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: undefined territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940; potential dispute with Russia over Crimea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber Land use: arable land: 56% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 0% other: 30% Irrigated land: 26,000 sq km (1990) Environment: current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea Note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest country in Europe Ukraine:People Population: 51,867,828 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 21% (female 5,217,850; male 5,407,450) 15-64 years: 65% (female 17,563,924; male 16,334,299) 65 years and over: 14% (female 4,976,893; male 2,367,412) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 0.04% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 12.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 12.67 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: 0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.11 years male: 65.59 years female: 74.87 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian Ethnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 98% male: 100% female: 97% Labor force: 23.55 million (January 1994) by occupation: industry and construction 33%, agriculture and forestry 21%, health, education, and culture 16%, trade and distribution 7%, transport and communication 7%, other 16% (1992) Ukraine:Government Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ukraine local long form: none local short form: Ukrayina former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: UP Type: republic Capital: Kiev Kyyiv Administrative divisions: 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalites (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi), Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k), Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv), Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sevastopol'), Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka Zhytomyr note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from oblast' name Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day 24 August (1991) Constitution: using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new constitution currently being drafted Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994); election last held 26 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - Leonid KUCHMA 52.15%, Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06% head of government: Acting Prime Minister Yeuben MARCHUK (since 3 March 1995); First Deputy Prime Ministers Yevhen MARCHUK and Viktor PYNZENYK (since 31 October 1994) and six deputy prime ministers cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council National Security Council: originally created in 1992, but signficantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA members include the president, prime minister, Ministers of Finance, Environment, Justice, Internal Affairs, Foreign Economic Relations, Economic and Foreign Affairs; the NSC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president Presidential Administration: helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president Council of Regions: advisory body created by President KUCHMA in September 1994; includes the Chairmen of Oblast and Kiev and Sevastopol City Supreme Councils Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Council: elections last held 27 March 1994 with repeat elections continuing through December 1998 to fill empty seats (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA seats - (450 total) Communists 91, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18, Socialists 15, Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5, Labor 5, Party of Democratic Revival 4, Democrats 2, Social Democrats 2, Civil Congress 2, Conservative Republicans 1, Party of Economic Revival of Crimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, independents 225; note - 405 deputies have been elected; run-off elections for the remaining 45 seats to be held by December 1998 Judicial branch: joint commission formed in April 1995 to define a program of judicial reform by year-end Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVHRAN', chairman; Party of Democratic Rebirth (Revival) of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO chairman; Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy VUZDUHAN chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, Stepan KHMARA chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDYK chairman; Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party, Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor RADIONOV chairman; Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh), Vyacheslav CHORNOVIL chairman; Ukrainian Communist Party, Petr SYMONENKO Agrarian Party; Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, S. STESTKO Civil Congress, O. BAZYLUK Party of Economic Revival of Crimea; Democratic Party Of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVMAN', chairman Other political or pressure groups: New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces Member of: BSEC, CCC, CE (guest), CEI (associate members), CIS, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN UNCTAD UNESCO, UNIDO UNPROFOR UPU, WHO WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy SHCHERBAK chancery: 3350 M Street NW Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606 FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817 consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William Green MILLER embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskovo 252053 Kiev 53 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (044) 244-73-49, 244-37-45 FAX: [7] (044) 244-73-50 Flag: two equal horizontal bands of azure top and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky Economy Overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing more than three times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. In early 1992, the Ukrainian government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Loose monetary and fiscal policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Greater monetary and fiscal restraint lowered inflation in 1994, but also contributed to an accelerated decline in industrial output. Since his election in July 1994, President KUCHMA has developed - and parliament has approved - a comprehensive economic reform program, maintained financial discipline, and reduced state controls over prices, the exchange rate, and foreign trade Implementation of KUCHMA's economic agenda will encounter considerable resistance from parliament, entrenched bureaucrats, and industrial interests and will contribute to further declines in output and rising unemployment which will sorely test the government's ability to stay the course on reform in 1995. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $189.2 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) National product real growth rate: -19% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $3,650 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% per month (1994) Unemployment rate: 0.4% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $11.8 billion (1994) commodities: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat partners: FSU countries, China, Italy, Switzerland Imports: $14.2 billion (1994) commodities: energy, machinery and parts transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles partners: FSU countries, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic External debt: $7.5 billion (yearend 1994) Industrial production: growth rate -28% (1994 est.); accounts for 50% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 54,380,000 kW production: 182 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,200 kWh (1994) Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar) Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GDP; grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe Economic aid: $550 million economic aid and $350 million to help disassemble the atomic weapons from the US in 1994 Currency: Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in mid-1995 Exchange rates: karbovantsi per 1$US - 107,900 (end December 1994), 130,000 (April 1994) Fiscal year: calendar year Ukraine:Transportation Railroads: total: 23,350 km broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified) Highways: total: 273,700 km paved and graveled: 236,400 km unpaved: earth 37,300 km Inland waterways: 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pryp''yat' and Dnipro Rivers) Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km petroleum products 1,920 km natural gas 7,800 km (1992) Ports: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil Kerch, Kherson Kiev (Kyyiv), Mariupol', Mykolayiv Odesa, Pivdenne Reni Merchant marine: total: 379 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,799,253 GRT/5,071,175 DWT ships by type: barge carrier 7, bulk 55, cargo 221, chemical tanker 2, container 20, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 10, passenger 12, passenger-cargo 5, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 32, short-sea passenger 7 Airports: total: 706 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 14 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 55 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 with paved runways under 914 m: 57 with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 7 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 16 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 37 with unpaved runways under 914 m: 476 Ukraine:Communications Telephone system: 7,886,000 telephone circuits; about 151.4 telephone circuits/1,000 persons (1991); the telephone system is inadequate both for business and for personal use 3.56 million applications for telephones had not been satisfied as of January 1991; electronic mail services have been established in Kiev, Odesa, and Luhans'k by Sprint local: an NMT-450 analog cellular telephone network operates in Kiev Kyyiv and allows direct dialing of international calls through Kiev's EWSD digital exchange intercity: NA international: calls to other CIS countries are carried by land line or microwave; other international calls to 167 countries are carried by satellite or by the 150 leased lines through the Moscow gateway switch; INTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik earth stations Radio: broadcast stations: AM NA FM NA shortwave NA radios: 15 million Television: broadcast stations: NA televisions: 20 million Ukraine:Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard Manpower availability: males age 15-49 12,324,832; males fit for military service 9,667,642; males reach military age (18) annually 359,546 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: 544.3 billion karbovantsi less than 4% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
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